Score : 2000 points

Problem Statement

For each of the K^{NM} ways to write an integer between 1 and K (inclusive) in every square in a square grid with N rows and M columns, find the value defined below, then compute the sum of all those K^{NM} values, modulo D.

  • For each of the NM squares, find the minimum among the N+M-1 integers written in the square's row or the square's column. The value defined for the grid is the product of all these NM values.

Constraints

  • 1 \leq N,M,K \leq 100
  • 10^8 \leq D \leq 10^9
  • N,M,K, and D are integers.
  • D is prime.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M K D

Output

Print the sum of the K^{NM} values, modulo D.

Sample Input 1

2 2 2 998244353

Sample Output 1

35

We have 1 way to write integers such that the product of the NM values is 16, 4 ways such that the product is 2, and 11 ways such that the product is 1.

Sample Input 2

2 3 4 998244353

Sample Output 2

127090

Sample Input 3

31 41 59 998244353

Sample Output 3

827794103